Gabor Convolutional Networks(GCNs,Gabor CNN) Steerable properties dominate the design of traditional filters, e.g., Gabor filters, and endow features the capability of dealing with spatial transformations. However, such excellent properties have not been well explored in the popular deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs). In this paper, we propose a new deep model, termed Gabor Convolutional Networks (GCNs or Gabor CNNs), which incorporates Gabor filters into DCNNs to enhance the resistance of deep learned features to the orientation and scale changes. By only manipulating the basic element of DCNNs based on Gabor filters, i.e., the convolution operator, GCNs can be easily implemented and are compatible with any popular deep learning architecture. Experimental results demonstrate the super capability of our algorithm in recognizing objects, where the scale and rotation changes occur frequently. The proposed GCNs have much fewer learnable network parameters, and thus is easier to train with an end-to-end pipeline. To encourage further developments, the source code is released at Github. Gale-Shapley Algorithm Gale-Shapley Algorithm is a solution for the Stable Marriage Problem. In 1962, David Gale and Lloyd Shapley proved that, for any equal number of men and women, it is always possible to solve the SMP and make all marriages stable. They presented an algorithm to do so. The Gale-Shapley algorithm involves a number of ’rounds’ (or ‘iterations’). In the first round, first a) each unengaged man proposes to the woman he prefers most, and then b) each woman replies ‘maybe’ to her suitor she most prefers and ‘no’ to all other suitors. She is then provisionally ‘engaged’ to the suitor she most prefers so far, and that suitor is likewise provisionally engaged to her. In each subsequent round, first a) each unengaged man proposes to the most-preferred woman to whom he has not yet proposed (regardless of whether the woman is already engaged), and then b) each woman replies ‘maybe’ to her suitor she most prefers (whether her existing provisional partner or someone else) and rejects the rest (again, perhaps including her current provisional partner). The provisional nature of engagements preserves the right of an already-engaged woman to ‘trade up’ (and, in the process, to ‘jilt’ her until-then partner). The runtime complexity of this algorithm is O(n^2) where n is number of men or women. This algorithm guarantees that: • Everyone gets married: At the end, there cannot be a man and a woman both unengaged, as he must have proposed to her at some point (since a man will eventually propose to everyone, if necessary) and, being proposed to, she would necessarily be engaged (to someone) thereafter. • The marriages are stable: Let Alice be a woman and Bob be a man who are both engaged, but not to each other. Upon completion of the algorithm, it is not possible for both Alice and Bob to prefer each other over their current partners. If Bob prefers Alice to his current partner, he must have proposed to Alice before he proposed to his current partner. If Alice accepted his proposal, yet is not married to him at the end, she must have dumped him for someone she likes more, and therefore doesn’t like Bob more than her current partner. If Alice rejected his proposal, she was already with someone she liked more than Bob. Game Theory Game theory is the study of strategic decision making. Specifically, it is ‘the study of mathematical models of conflict and cooperation between intelligent rational decision-makers.’ An alternative term suggested ‘as a more descriptive name for the discipline’ is interactive decision theory. Game theory is mainly used in economics, political science, and psychology, as well as logic, computer science, and biology. The subject first addressed zero-sum games, such that one person’s gains exactly equal net losses of the other participant or participants. Today, however, game theory applies to a wide range of behavioral relations, and has developed into an umbrella term for the logical side of decision science, including both humans and non-humans (e.g. computers, animals). Modern game theory began with the idea regarding the existence of mixed-strategy equilibria in two-person zero-sum games and its proof by John von Neumann. Von Neumann’s original proof used Brouwer fixed-point theorem on continuous mappings into compact convex sets, which became a standard method in game theory and mathematical economics. His paper was followed by the 1944 book Theory of Games and Economic Behavior, co-written with Oskar Morgenstern, which considered cooperative games of several players. The second edition of this book provided an axiomatic theory of expected utility, which allowed mathematical statisticians and economists to treat decision-making under uncertainty. This theory was developed extensively in the 1950s by many scholars. Game theory was later explicitly applied to biology in the 1970s, although similar developments go back at least as far as the 1930s. Game theory has been widely recognized as an important tool in many fields. With the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences going to game theorist Jean Tirole in 2014, eleven game-theorists have now won the economics Nobel Prize. John Maynard Smith was awarded the Crafoord Prize for his application of game theory to biology. Gamification Gamification is the use of game thinking and game mechanics in non-game contexts to engage users in solving problems. Gamification has been studied and applied in several domains, such as to improve user engagement, physical exercise, return on investment, data quality, timeliness, and learning. A review of research on gamification shows that most studies on gamification find positive effects from gamification Gamma Divergence The gamma-divergence is a generalization of the Kullback-Leibler divergence with the power index gamma. It employs the power transformation of density functions, instead of the logarithmic transformation employed by the Kullback-Leibler divergence. rsggm Gamma-Poisson Shrinker(GPS) ➘ “Multi-Item Gamma Poisson Shrinker” openEBGM Gang of GANs Traditional generative adversarial networks (GAN) and many of its variants are trained by minimizing the KL or JS-divergence loss that measures how close the generated data distribution is from the true data distribution. A recent advance called the WGAN based on Wasserstein distance can improve on the KL and JS-divergence based GANs, and alleviate the gradient vanishing, instability, and mode collapse issues that are common in the GAN training. In this work, we aim at improving on the WGAN by first generalizing its discriminator loss to a margin-based one, which leads to a better discriminator, and in turn a better generator, and then carrying out a progressive training paradigm involving multiple GANs to contribute to the maximum margin ranking loss so that the GAN at later stages will improve upon early stages. We call this method Gang of GANs (GoGAN). We have shown theoretically that the proposed GoGAN can reduce the gap between the true data distribution and the generated data distribution by at least half in an optimally trained WGAN. We have also proposed a new way of measuring GAN quality which is based on image completion tasks. We have evaluated our method on four visual datasets: CelebA, LSUN Bedroom, CIFAR-10, and 50K-SSFF, and have seen both visual and quantitative improvement over baseline WGAN. Gas Station Problem In the gas station problem we want to find the cheapest path between two vertices of an $n$-vertex graph. Our car has a specific fuel capacity and at each vertex we can fill our car with gas, with the fuel cost depending on the vertex. Gated Recurrent Neural Tensor Network Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs), which are a powerful scheme for modeling temporal and sequential data need to capture long-term dependencies on datasets and represent them in hidden layers with a powerful model to capture more information from inputs. For modeling long-term dependencies in a dataset, the gating mechanism concept can help RNNs remember and forget previous information. Representing the hidden layers of an RNN with more expressive operations (i.e., tensor products) helps it learn a more complex relationship between the current input and the previous hidden layer information. These ideas can generally improve RNN performances. In this paper, we proposed a novel RNN architecture that combine the concepts of gating mechanism and the tensor product into a single model. By combining these two concepts into a single RNN, our proposed models learn long-term dependencies by modeling with gating units and obtain more expressive and direct interaction between input and hidden layers using a tensor product on 3-dimensional array (tensor) weight parameters. We use Long Short Term Memory (LSTM) RNN and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) RNN and combine them with a tensor product inside their formulations. Our proposed RNNs, which are called a Long-Short Term Memory Recurrent Neural Tensor Network (LSTMRNTN) and Gated Recurrent Unit Recurrent Neural Tensor Network (GRURNTN), are made by combining the LSTM and GRU RNN models with the tensor product. We conducted experiments with our proposed models on word-level and character-level language modeling tasks and revealed that our proposed models significantly improved their performance compared to our baseline models. Gaussian Graphical Model(GGM) A Gaussian graphical model is a graph in which all random variables are continuous and jointly Gaussian. This model corresponds to the multivariate normal distribution for N variables. Conditional independence in a Gaussian graphical model is simply reflected in the zero entries of the precision matrix. MGL Gaussian Markov Random Field(GMRF) http://…/GMRF-book Gaussian Means(G-Means) The G-means algorithm starts with a small number of k-means centers, and grows the number of centers. Each iteration of the algorithm splits into two those centers whose data appear not to come from a Gaussian distribution. Between each round of splitting, we run k-means on the entire dataset and all the centers to refine the current solution. We can initialize with just k = 1, or we can choose some larger value of k if we have some prior knowledge about the range of k. Gaussian Mixture Model(GMM) A Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) is a parametric probability density function represented as a weighted sum of Gaussian component densities. GMMs are commonly used as a parametric model of the probability distribution of continuous measurements or features in a biometric system, such as vocal-tract related spectral features in a speaker recognition system. GMM parameters are estimated from training data using the iterative Expectation-Maximization (EM) algorithm or Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) estimation from a well-trained prior model. AdaptGauss Gaussian Naive Bayes When dealing with continuous data, a typical assumption is that the continuous values associated with each class are distributed according to a Gaussian distribution. For example, suppose the training data contain a continuous attribute, x. We first segment the data by the class, and then compute the mean and variance of x in each class. Gaussian Process(GP) In probability theory and statistics, a Gaussian process is a stochastic process whose realizations consist of random values associated with every point in a range of times (or of space) such that each such random variable has a normal distribution. Moreover, every finite collection of those random variables has a multivariate normal distribution. The concept of Gaussian processes is named after Carl Friedrich Gauss because it is based on the notion of the normal distribution which is often called the Gaussian distribution. In fact, one way of thinking of a Gaussian process is as an infinite-dimensional generalization of the multivariate normal distribution. Gaussian Process Regression(GPR) Gaussian process regression (GPR) is an even finer approach than this. Rather than claiming f(x) relates to some specific models (e.g. f(x)=mx+c), a Gaussian process can represent f(x) obliquely, but rigorously, by letting the data ‘speak’ more clearly for themselves. GPR is still a form of supervised learning, but the training data are harnessed in a subtler way. As such, GPR is a less ‘parametric’ tool. However, it’s not completely free-form, and if we’re unwilling to make even basic assumptions about f(x), then more general techniques should be considered, including those underpinned by the principle of maximum entropy; Chapter 6 of Sivia and Skilling (2006) offers an introduction. nsgp Gauss-Markov Theorem In statistics, the Gauss-Markov theorem, named after Carl Friedrich Gauss and Andrey Markov, states that in a linear regression model in which the errors have expectation zero and are uncorrelated and have equal variances, the best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE) of the coefficients is given by the ordinary least squares (OLS) estimator. Here ‘best’ means giving the lowest variance of the estimate, as compared to other unbiased, linear estimators. The errors don’t need to be normal, nor do they need to be independent and identically distributed (only uncorrelated and homoscedastic). The hypothesis that the estimator be unbiased cannot be dropped, since otherwise estimators better than OLS exist. See for examples the James-Stein estimator (which also drops linearity) or ridge regression. Gauss–Newton Algorithm(GNA) The Gauss-Newton algorithm is a method used to solve non-linear least squares problems. It is a modification of Newton’s method for finding a minimum of a function. Unlike Newton’s method, the Gauss-Newton algorithm can only be used to minimize a sum of squared function values, but it has the advantage that second derivatives, which can be challenging to compute, are not required. Non-linear least squares problems arise for instance in non-linear regression, where parameters in a model are sought such that the model is in good agreement with available observations. gcForest In this paper, we propose gcForest, a decision tree ensemble approach with performance highly competitive to deep neural networks. In contrast to deep neural networks which require great effort in hyper-parameter tuning, gcForest is much easier to train. Actually, even when gcForest is applied to different data from different domains, excellent performance can be achieved by almost same settings of hyper-parameters. The training process of gcForest is efficient and scalable. In our experiments its training time running on a PC is comparable to that of deep neural networks running with GPU facilities, and the efficiency advantage may be more apparent because gcForest is naturally apt to parallel implementation. Furthermore, in contrast to deep neural networks which require large-scale training data, gcForest can work well even when there are only small-scale training data. Moreover, as a tree-based approach, gcForest should be easier for theoretical analysis than deep neural networks. Gelly Gelly is a Java Graph API for Flink. It contains a set of methods and utilities which aim to simplify the development of graph analysis applications in Flink. In Gelly, graphs can be transformed and modified using high-level functions similar to the ones provided by the batch processing API. Gelly provides methods to create, transform and modify graphs, as well as a library of graph algorithms. ➚ “Apache Flink” Research and Development Roadmap for Flink Gelly General Algorithmic Search(GAS) In this paper we present a metaheuristic for global optimization called General Algorithmic Search (GAS). Specifically, GAS is a stochastic, single-objective method that evolves a swarm of agents in search of a global extremum. Numerical simulations with a sample of 31 test functions show that GAS outperforms Basin Hopping, Cuckoo Search, and Differential Evolution, especially in concurrent optimization, i.e., when several runs with different initial settings are executed and the first best wins. Python codes of all algorithms and complementary information are available online. General Architecture for Text Engineering(GATE) General Architecture for Text Engineering or GATE is a Java suite of tools originally developed at the University of Sheffield beginning in 1995 and now used worldwide by a wide community of scientists, companies, teachers and students for all sorts of natural language processing tasks, including information extraction in many languages. GATE has been compared to NLTK, R and RapidMiner. As well as being widely used in its own right, it forms the basis of the KIM semantic platform. GATE community and research has been involved in several European research projects including TAO, SEKT, NeOn, Media-Campaign, Musing, Service-Finder, LIRICS and KnowledgeWeb, as well as many other projects. As of May 28, 2011, 881 people are on the gate-users mailing list at SourceForge.net, and 111,932 downloads from SourceForge are recorded since the project moved to SourceForge in 2005. The paper “GATE: A Framework and Graphical Development Environment for Robust NLP Tools and Applications” has received over 800 citations in the seven years since publication (according to Google Scholar). Books covering the use of GATE, in addition to the GATE User Guide, include “Building Search Applications: Lucene, LingPipe, and Gate”, by Manu Konchady, and “Introduction to Linguistic Annotation and Text Analytics”, by Graham Wilcock. General Graph Representation Learning Framework(DeepGL) This paper presents a general graph representation learning framework called DeepGL for learning deep node and edge representations from large (attributed) graphs. In particular, DeepGL begins by deriving a set of base features (e.g., graphlet features) and automatically learns a multi-layered hierarchical graph representation where each successive layer leverages the output from the previous layer to learn features of a higher-order. Contrary to previous work, DeepGL learns relational functions (each representing a feature) that generalize across-networks and therefore useful for graph-based transfer learning tasks. Moreover, DeepGL naturally supports attributed graphs, learns interpretable features, and is space-efficient (by learning sparse feature vectors). In addition, DeepGL is expressive, flexible with many interchangeable components, efficient with a time complexity of $\mathcal{O}(|E|)$, and scalable for large networks via an efficient parallel implementation. Compared with the state-of-the-art method, DeepGL is (1) effective for across-network transfer learning tasks and attributed graph representation learning, (2) space-efficient requiring up to 6x less memory, (3) fast with up to 182x speedup in runtime performance, and (4) accurate with an average improvement of 20% or more on many learning tasks. General Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation(GLUE) The GLUE methodology (Beven and Binley 1992) rejects the idea of one single optimal solution and adopts the concept of equifinality of models, parameters and variables (Beven and Binley 1992; Beven 1993). Equifinality originates from the imperfect knowledge of the system under consideration, and many sets of models, parameters and variables may therefore be considered equal or almost equal simulators of the system. Using the GLUE analysis, the prior set of models, parameters and variables is divided into a set of non-acceptable solutions and a set of acceptable solutions. The GLUE methodology deals with the variable degree of membership of the sets. The degree of membership is determined by assessing the extent to which solutions fit the model, which in turn is determined by subjective likelihood functions. RGLUEANN Generalization Error The generalization error of a machine learning model is a function that measures how well a learning machine generalizes to unseen data. It is measured as the distance between the error on the training set and the test set and is averaged over the entire set of possible training data that can be generated after each iteration of the learning process. It has this name because this function indicates the capacity of a machine that learns with the specified algorithm to infer a rule (or generalize) that is used by the teacher machine to generate data based only on a few examples. Generalized Additive Mixed Model(GAMM) gammSlice Generalized Additive Models(GAM) In statistics, a generalized additive model (GAM) is a generalized linear model in which the linear predictor depends linearly on unknown smooth functions of some predictor variables, and interest focuses on inference about these smooth functions. GAMs were originally developed by Trevor Hastie and Robert Tibshirani to blend properties of generalized linear models with additive models. https://…-additive-part-i-background-and-rationale GAM: The Predictive Modeling Silver Bullet gamsel Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity(GARCH) If an autoregressive moving average model (ARMA model) is assumed for the error variance, the model is a generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH, Bollerslev (1986)) model. Generalized Autoregressive Moving Average Models(GARMA) A class of generalized autoregressive moving average (GARMA) models is developed that extends the univariate Gaussian ARMA time series model to a flexible observation-driven model for non-Gaussian time series data. The dependent variable is assumed to have a conditional exponential family distribution given the past history of the process. The model estimation is carried out using an iteratively reweighted least squares algorithm. Properties of the model, including stationarity and marginal moments, are either derived explicitly or investigated using Monte Carlo simulation. The relationship of the GARMA model to other models is shown, including the autoregressive models of Zeger and Qaqish, the moving average models of Li, and the reparameterized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic GARCH model (providing the formula for its fourth marginal moment not previously derived). The model is demonstrated by the application of the GARMA model with a negative binomial conditional distribution to a well-known time series dataset of poliomyelitis counts. VGAM Generalized Boosted Regression Models This R package (gbm) implements extensions to Freund and Schapire’s AdaBoost algorithm and J. Friedman’s gradient boosting machine. Includes regression methods for least squares, absolute loss, logistic, Poisson, Cox proportional hazards partial likelihood, multinomial, t-distribution, AdaBoost exponential loss, Learning to Rank, and Huberized hinge loss. gbm Generalized Discrimination Score The Generalized Discrimination Score is a generic forecast verification framework which can be applied to any of the following verification contexts: dichotomous, polychotomous (ordinal and nominal), continuous, probabilistic, and ensemble. A comprehensive description of the Generalized Discrimination Score, including all equations used in this package, is provided by Mason and Weigel (2009) afc Generalized Dissimilarity Modeling(GDM) Generalized dissimilarity modelling (GDM) is a statistical technique for analysing and predicting spatial patterns of turnover in community composition (beta diversity) across large regions. gdm Generalized Entropy Agglomeration(GEA) Entropy Agglomeration (EA) is a hierarchical clustering algorithm introduced in 2013. Here, we generalize it to define Generalized Entropy Agglomeration (GEA) that can work with multiset blocks and blocks with rational occurrence numbers. We also introduce a numerical categorization procedure to apply GEA to numerical datasets. The software REBUS 2.0 is published with these capabilities: http://…/rebus2 Generalized Estimation Equations(GEE) In statistics, a generalized estimating equation (GEE) is used to estimate the parameters of a generalized linear model with a possible unknown correlation between outcomes. Parameter estimates from the GEE are consistent even when the covariance structure is misspecified, under mild regularity conditions. The focus of the GEE is on estimating the average response over the population (‘population-averaged’ effects) rather than the regression parameters that would enable prediction of the effect of changing one or more covariates on a given individual. GEEs are usually used in conjunction with Huber-White standard error estimates, also known as ‘robust standard error’ or ‘sandwich variance’ estimates. In the case of a linear model with a working independence variance structure, these are known as ‘heteroscedasticity consistent standard error’ estimators. Indeed, the GEE unified several independent formulations of these standard error estimators in a general framework. GEEs belong to a class of semiparametric regression techniques because they rely on specification of only the first two moments. Under correct model specification and mild regularity conditions, parameter estimates from GEEs are consistent. They are a popular alternative to the likelihood-based generalized linear mixed model which is more sensitive to variance structure specification. They are commonly used in large epidemiological studies, especially multi-site cohort studies because they can handle many types of unmeasured dependence between outcomes. Generalized Graded Unfolding Model(GGUM) The generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM) is developed. This model allows for either binary or graded responses and generalizes previous item response models for unfolding in two useful ways. First, it implements a discrimination parameter that varies across items, which allows items to discriminate among respondents in different ways. Second, the GGUM permits response category threshold parameters to vary across items. Amarginal maximum likelihood algorithm is implemented to estimate GGUM item parameters, whereas person parameters are derived from an expected a posteriori technique. The applicability of the GGUM to common attitude testing situations is illustrated with real data on student attitudes toward abortion. http://…/gbm2.pdf ScoreGGUM Generalized Hyperbolic Distributions(GH) The generalised hyperbolic distribution (GH) is a continuous probability distribution defined as the normal variance-mean mixture where the mixing distribution is the generalized inverse Gaussian distribution. Its probability density function is given in terms of modified Bessel function of the second kind. As the name suggests it is of a very general form, being the superclass of, among others, the Student’s t-distribution, the Laplace distribution, the hyperbolic distribution, the normal-inverse Gaussian distribution and the variance-gamma distribution. It is mainly applied to areas that require sufficient probability of far-field behaviour, which it can model due to its semi-heavy tails – a property the normal distribution does not possess. The generalised hyperbolic distribution is often used in economics, with particular application in the fields of modelling financial markets and risk management, due to its semi-heavy tails. This class is closed under linear operations. Generalized Kalman Smoothing State-space smoothing has found many applications in science and engineering. Under linear and Gaussian assumptions, smoothed estimates can be obtained using efficient recursions, for example Rauch-Tung-Striebel and Mayne-Fraser algorithms. Such schemes are equivalent to linear algebraic techniques that minimize a convex quadratic objective function with structure induced by the dynamic model. These classical formulations fall short in many important circumstances. For instance, smoothers obtained using quadratic penalties can fail when outliers are present in the data, and cannot track impulsive inputs and abrupt state changes. Motivated by these shortcomings, generalized Kalman smoothing formulations have been proposed in the last few years, replacing quadratic models with more suitable, often nonsmooth, convex functions. In contrast to classical models, these general estimators require use of iterated algorithms, and these have received increased attention from control, signal processing, machine learning, and optimization communities. In this survey we show that the optimization viewpoint provides the control and signal processing community great freedom in the development of novel modeling and inference frameworks for dynamical systems. We discuss general statistical models for dynamic systems, making full use of nonsmooth convex penalties and constraints, and providing links to important models in signal processing and machine learning. We also survey optimization techniques for these formulations, paying close attention to dynamic problem structure. Modeling concepts and algorithms are illustrated with numerical examples. Generalized Lambda Distribution(GLD) Generalized lambda distribution is a generic distribution that can be used for various curve fittings or in general mathematical analysis. It is interesting because of the wide variety of distributional shapes it can take on. There are methods how to use this distribution to approximate various other distributions, or to fit experimental data set to this distribution. GLDEX Generalized Least Squares Screening(GLSS) Variable selection is a widely studied problem in high dimensional statistics, primarily since estimating the precise relationship between the covariates and the response is of great importance in many scientific disciplines. However, most of theory and methods developed towards this goal for the linear model invoke the assumption of iid sub-Gaussian covariates and errors. This paper analyzes the theoretical properties of Sure Independence Screening (SIS) (Fan and Lv ) for high dimensional linear models with dependent and/or heavy tailed covariates and errors. We also introduce a generalized least squares screening (GLSS) procedure which utilizes the serial correlation present in the data. By utilizing this serial correlation when estimating our marginal effects, GLSS is shown to outperform SIS in many cases. For both procedures we prove sure screening properties, which depend on the moment conditions, and the strength of dependence in the error and covariate processes, amongst other factors. Additionally, combining these screening procedures with the adaptive Lasso is analyzed. Dependence is quantified by functional dependence measures (Wu ), and the results rely on the use of Nagaev type and exponential inequalities for dependent random variables. We also conduct simulations to demonstrate the finite sample performance of these procedures, and include a real data application of forecasting the US inflation rate. Generalized Likelihood Ratio Test(GLRT) Generalized Linear Mixed Model(GLMM) In statistics, a generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) is a particular type of mixed model. It is an extension to the generalized linear model in which the linear predictor contains random effects in addition to the usual fixed effects. These random effects are usually assumed to have a normal distribution. Fitting such models by maximum likelihood involves integrating over these random effects. In general, these integrals cannot be expressed in analytical form. Various approximate methods have been developed, but none has good properties for all possible models and data sets (ungrouped binary data being particularly problematic). For this reason, methods involving numerical quadrature or Markov chain Monte Carlo have increased in use as increasing computing power and advances in methods have made them more practical. Generalized Linear Models(GLM) In statistics, the generalized linear model (GLM) is a flexible generalization of ordinary linear regression that allows for response variables that have error distribution models other than a normal distribution. The GLM generalizes linear regression by allowing the linear model to be related to the response variable via a link function and by allowing the magnitude of the variance of each measurement to be a function of its predicted value. mdscore,mglmn Generalized Logistic Distribution The term generalized logistic distribution is used as the name for several different families of probability distributions. For example, Johnson et al. list four forms, which are listed below. One family described here has also been called the skew-logistic distribution. For other families of distributions that have also been called generalized logistic distributions, see the shifted log-logistic distribution, which is a generalization of the log-logistic distribution. Generalized Mallows Model Latent Dirichlet Allocation(GMM-LDA) Modeling document structure is of great importance for discourse analysis and related applications. The goal of this research is to capture the document intent structure by modeling documents as a mixture of topic words and rhetorical words. While the topics are relatively unchanged through one document, the rhetorical functions of sentences usually change following certain orders in discourse. We propose GMM-LDA, a topic modeling based Bayesian unsupervised model, to analyze the document intent structure cooperated with order information. Our model is flexible that has the ability to combine the annotations and do supervised learning. Additionally, entropic regularization can be introduced to model the significant divergence between topics and intents. We perform experiments in both unsupervised and supervised settings, results show the superiority of our model over several state-of-the-art baselines. Generalized Maximum Entropy Estimation We consider the problem of estimating a probability distribution that maximizes the entropy while satisfying a finite number of moment constraints, possibly corrupted by noise. Based on duality of convex programming, we present a novel approximation scheme using a smoothed fast gradient method that is equipped with explicit bounds on the approximation error. We further demonstrate how the presented scheme can be used for approximating the chemical master equation through the zero-information moment closure method. Generalized Method of Wavelet Moments(GMWM) gmwm Generalized Min-Max(GMM) We develop some theoretical results for a robust similarity measure named ‘generalized min-max’ (GMM). This similarity has direct applications in machine learning as a positive definite kernel and can be efficiently computed via probabilistic hashing. Owing to the discrete nature, the hashed values can also be used for efficient near neighbor search. We prove the theoretical limit of GMM and the consistency result, assuming that the data follow an elliptical distribution, which is a very general family of distributions and includes the multivariate $t$-distribution as a special case. The consistency result holds as long as the data have bounded first moment (an assumption which essentially holds for datasets commonly encountered in practice). Furthermore, we establish the asymptotic normality of GMM. Compared to the ‘cosine’ similarity which is routinely adopted in current practice in statistics and machine learning, the consistency of GMM requires much weaker conditions. Interestingly, when the data follow the $t$-distribution with $\nu$ degrees of freedom, GMM typically provides a better measure of similarity than ‘cosine’ roughly when $\nu<8$ (which is already very close to normal). These theoretical results will help explain the recent success of GMM in learning tasks. Generalized Multistate Simulation Model GUIgems,gems Generalized Procrustes Analysis(GPA) Generalized Procrustes analysis (GPA) is a method of statistical analysis that can be used to compare the shapes of objects, or the results of surveys, interviews, or panels. It was developed for analysing the results of free-choice profiling, a survey technique which allows respondents (such as sensory panelists) to describe a range of products in their own words or language. GPA is one way to make sense of free-choice profiling data; other ways can be multiple factor analysis (MFA), or the STATIS method. The method was first published by J. C. Gower in 1975. Generalized Structured Component Analysis(GSCA) gesca Generalized Value Iteration Network(GVIN) In this paper, we introduce a generalized value iteration network (GVIN), which is an end-to-end neural network planning module. GVIN emulates the value iteration algorithm by using a novel graph convolution operator, which enables GVIN to learn and plan on irregular spatial graphs. We propose three novel differentiable kernels as graph convolution operators and show that the embedding based kernel achieves the best performance. We further propose episodic Q-learning, an improvement upon traditional n-step Q-learning that stabilizes training for networks that contain a planning module. Lastly, we evaluate GVIN on planning problems in 2D mazes, irregular graphs, and real-world street networks, showing that GVIN generalizes well for both arbitrary graphs and unseen graphs of larger scale and outperforms a naive generalization of VIN (discretizing a spatial graph into a 2D image). Generalized Vector Space Model(GVSM) The Generalized vector space model is a generalization of the vector space model used in information retrieval. Many classifiers, especially those which are related to document or text classification, use the TFIDF basis of VSM. However, this is where the similarity between the models ends – the generalized model uses the results of the TFIDF dictionary to generate similarity metrics based on distance or angle difference, rather than centroid based classification. Wong et al. presented an analysis of the problems that the pairwise orthogonality assumption of the vector space model (VSM) creates. From here they extended the VSM to the generalized vector space model (GVSM). General-to-Specific Model(GETS) This paper discusses the econometric methodology of general-to-specific modeling, in which the modeler simplifies an initially general model that adequately characterizes the empirical evidence within his or her theoretical framework. Central aspects of this approach include the theory of reduction, dynamic specification, model selection procedures, model selection criteria, model comparison, encompassing, computer automation, and empirical implementation. This paper thus reviews the theory of reduction, summarizes the approach of general-to-specific modeling, and discusses the econometrics of model selection, noting that general-to-specific modeling is the practical embodiment of reduction. gets Generative Adversarial Imitation Learning(GAIL) Generative Adversarial Network(GAN) We propose a new framework for estimating generative models via an adversarial process, in which we simultaneously train two models: a generative model G that captures the data distribution, and a discriminative model D that estimates the probability that a sample came from the training data rather than G. The training procedure for G is to maximize the probability of D making a mistake. This framework corresponds to a minimax two-player game. In the space of arbitrary functions G and D, a unique solution exists, with G recovering the training data distribution and D equal to 1/2 everywhere. In the case where G and D are defined by multilayer perceptrons, the entire system can be trained with backpropagation. There is no need for any Markov chains or unrolled approximate inference networks during either training or generation of samples. Experiments demonstrate the potential of the framework through qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the generated samples. GitXiv Generative Autotransporter(GAT) In this paper, we aim to introduce the classic Optimal Transport theory to enhance deep generative probabilistic modeling. For this purpose, we design a Generative Autotransporter (GAT) model with explicit distribution optimal transport. Particularly, the GAT model owns a deep distribution transporter to transfer the target distribution to a specific prior probability distribution, which enables a regular decoder to generate target samples from the input data that follows the transported prior distribution. With such a design, the GAT model can be stably trained to generate novel data by merely using a very simple $l_1$ reconstruction loss function with a generalized manifold-based Adam training algorithm. The experiments on two standard benchmarks demonstrate its strong generation ability. Generative Learning Algorithms Algorithms that try to learn p(y|x) directly (such as logistic regression), or algorithms that try to learn mappings directly from the space of inputs X to the labels {0, 1}, (such as the perceptron algorithm) are called discrim- inative learning algorithms. Here, we’ll talk about algorithms that instead try to model p(x|y) (and p(y)). These algorithms are called generative learning algorithms. For instance, if y indicates whether an example is a dog (0) or an elephant (1), then p(x|y = 0) models the distribution of dogs’ features, and p(x|y = 1) models the distribution of elephants’ features. Naive Bayes Generative Learning Algorithms Generative Mixture of Networks A generative model based on training deep architectures is proposed. The model consists of K networks that are trained together to learn the underlying distribution of a given data set. The process starts with dividing the input data into K clusters and feeding each of them into a separate network. After few iterations of training networks separately, we use an EM-like algorithm to train the networks together and update the clusters of the data. We call this model Mixture of Networks. The provided model is a platform that can be used for any deep structure and be trained by any conventional objective function for distribution modeling. As the components of the model are neural networks, it has high capability in characterizing complicated data distributions as well as clustering data. We apply the algorithm on MNIST hand-written digits and Yale face datasets. We also demonstrate the clustering ability of the model using some real-world and toy examples. Generative Model In probability and statistics, a generative model is a model for randomly generating observable data, typically given some hidden parameters. It specifies a joint probability distribution over observation and label sequences. Generative models are used in machine learning for either modeling data directly (i.e., modeling observations drawn from a probability density function), or as an intermediate step to forming a conditional probability density function. A conditional distribution can be formed from a generative model through Bayes’ rule. Shannon (1948) gives an example in which a table of frequencies of English word pairs is used to generate a sentence beginning with “representing and speedily is an good”; which is not proper English but which will increasingly approximate it as the table is moved from word pairs to word triplets etc. Generative Moment Matching Network(GMMN) Generative moment matching network (GMMN) is a deep generative model that differs from Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) by replacing the discriminator in GAN with a two-sample test based on kernel maximum mean discrepancy (MMD). Generative Moment Matching Network – Generative Adversarial Network(MMD-GAN) Generative moment matching network (GMMN) is a deep generative model that differs from Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) by replacing the discriminator in GAN with a two-sample test based on kernel maximum mean discrepancy (MMD). Although some theoretical guarantees of MMD have been studied, the empirical performance of GMMN is still not as competitive as that of GAN on challenging and large benchmark datasets. The computational efficiency of GMMN is also less desirable in comparison with GAN, partially due to its requirement for a rather large batch size during the training. In this paper, we propose to improve both the model expressiveness of GMMN and its computational efficiency by introducing adversarial kernel learning techniques, as the replacement of a fixed Gaussian kernel in the original GMMN. The new approach combines the key ideas in both GMMN and GAN, hence we name it MMD-GAN. The new distance measure in MMD-GAN is a meaningful loss that enjoys the advantage of weak topology and can be optimized via gradient descent with relatively small batch sizes. In our evaluation on multiple benchmark datasets, including MNIST, CIFAR- 10, CelebA and LSUN, the performance of MMD-GAN significantly outperforms GMMN, and is competitive with other representative GAN works. Generative Topic Embedding Word embedding maps words into a low-dimensional continuous embedding space by exploiting the local word collocation patterns in a small context window. On the other hand, topic modeling maps documents onto a low-dimensional topic space, by utilizing the global word collocation patterns in the same document. These two types of patterns are complementary. In this paper, we propose a generative topic embedding model to combine the two types of patterns. In our model, topics are represented by embedding vectors, and are shared across documents. The probability of each word is influenced by both its local context and its topic. A variational inference method yields the topic embeddings as well as the topic mixing proportions for each document. Jointly they represent the document in a low-dimensional continuous space. In two d Generative Topographic Map(GTM) Generative topographic map (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self-organizing map (SOM), is provably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed to arise by first probabilistically picking a point in a low-dimensional space, mapping the point to the observed high-dimensional input space (via a smooth function), then adding noise in that space. The parameters of the low-dimensional probability distribution, the smooth map and the noise are all learned from the training data using the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. GTM was introduced in 1996 in a paper by Christopher M. Bishop, Markus Svensen, and Christopher K. I. Williams. Genetic Algorithm(GA) In the computer science field of artificial intelligence, a genetic algorithm (GA) is a search heuristic that mimics the process of natural selection. This heuristic (also sometimes called a metaheuristic) is routinely used to generate useful solutions to optimization and search problems. Genetic algorithms belong to the larger class of evolutionary algorithms (EA), which generate solutions to optimization problems using techniques inspired by natural evolution, such as inheritance, mutation, selection, and crossover. Genetic algorithms find application in bioinformatics, phylogenetics, computational science, engineering, economics, chemistry, manufacturing, mathematics, physics, pharmacometrics and other fields. Geographic Information Systems(GIS) A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. The acronym GIS is sometimes used for geographical information science or geospatial information studies to refer to the academic discipline or career of working with geographic information systems and is a large domain within the broader academic discipline of Geoinformatics. Geographic Resources Analysis Support System(GRASS) GRASS GIS, commonly referred to as GRASS (Geographic Resources Analysis Support System), is a free and open source Geographic Information System (GIS) software suite used for geospatial data management and analysis, image processing, graphics and maps production, spatial modeling, and visualization. GRASS GIS is currently used in academic and commercial settings around the world, as well as by many governmental agencies and environmental consulting companies. It is a founding member of the Open Source Geospatial Foundation (OSGeo). rgrass7 GeoJSON GeoJSON is a format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures. A GeoJSON object may represent a geometry, a feature, or a collection of features. GeoJSON supports the following geometry types: Point, LineString, Polygon, MultiPoint, MultiLineString, MultiPolygon, and GeometryCollection. Features in GeoJSON contain a geometry object and additional properties, and a feature collection represents a list of features. A complete GeoJSON data structure is always an object (in JSON terms). In GeoJSON, an object consists of a collection of name/value pairs — also called members. For each member, the name is always a string. Member values are either a string, number, object, array or one of the literals: true, false, and null. An array consists of elements where each element is a value as described above. Geometric Dirichlet Mean We propose a geometric algorithm for topic learning and inference that is built on the convex geometry of topics arising from the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) model and its nonparametric extensions. To this end we study the optimization of a geometric loss function, which is a surrogate to the LDA’s likelihood. Our method involves a fast optimization based weighted clustering procedure augmented with geometric corrections, which overcomes the computational and statistical inefficiencies encountered by other techniques based on Gibbs sampling and variational inference, while achieving the accuracy comparable to that of a Gibbs sampler. The topic estimates produced by our method are shown to be statistically consistent under some conditions. The algorithm is evaluated with extensive experiments on simulated and real data. Geometric Enclosing Network(GEN) Training model to generate data has increasingly attracted research attention and become important in modern world applications. We propose in this paper a new geometry-based optimization approach to address this problem. Orthogonal to current state-of-the-art density-based approaches, most notably VAE and GAN, we present a fresh new idea that borrows the principle of minimal enclosing ball to train a generator G\left(\bz\right) in such a way that both training and generated data, after being mapped to the feature space, are enclosed in the same sphere. We develop theory to guarantee that the mapping is bijective so that its inverse from feature space to data space results in expressive nonlinear contours to describe the data manifold, hence ensuring data generated are also lying on the data manifold learned from training data. Our model enjoys a nice geometric interpretation, hence termed Geometric Enclosing Networks (GEN), and possesses some key advantages over its rivals, namely simple and easy-to-control optimization formulation, avoidance of mode collapsing and efficiently learn data manifold representation in a completely unsupervised manner. We conducted extensive experiments on synthesis and real-world datasets to illustrate the behaviors, strength and weakness of our proposed GEN, in particular its ability to handle multi-modal data and quality of generated data. Geometric Generative Adversarial Nets(Geometric GAN) Generative Adversarial Nets (GANs) represent an important milestone for effective generative models, which has inspired numerous variants seemingly different from each other. One of the main contributions of this paper is to reveal a unified geometric structure in GAN and its variants. Specifically, we show that the adversarial generative model training can be decomposed into three geometric steps: separating hyperplane search, discriminator parameter update away from the separating hyperplane, and the generator update along the normal vector direction of the separating hyperplane. This geometric intuition reveals the limitations of the existing approaches and leads us to propose a new formulation called geometric GAN using SVM separating hyperplane that maximizes the margin. Our theoretical analysis shows that the geometric GAN converges to a Nash equilibrium between the discriminator and generator. In addition, extensive numerical results show that the superior performance of geometric GAN. Geometric Mean Metric Learning We revisit the task of learning a Euclidean metric from data. We approach this problem from first principles and formulate it as a surprisingly simple optimization problem. Indeed, our formulation even admits a closed form solution. This solution possesses several very attractive properties: (i) an innate geometric appeal through the Riemannian geometry of positive definite matrices; (ii) ease of interpretability; and (iii) computational speed several orders of magnitude faster than the widely used LMNN and ITML methods. Furthermore, on standard benchmark datasets, our closed-form solution consistently attains higher classification accuracy. Geometric Program(GP) A geometric program (GP) is a type of mathematical optimization problem characterized by objective and constraint functions that have a special form. Recently developed solution methods can solve even large-scale GPs extremely efficiently and reliably; at the same time a number of practical problems, particularly in circuit design, have been found to be equivalent to (or well approximated by) GPs. Putting these two together, we get effective solutions for the practical problems. The basic approach in GP modeling is to attempt to express a practical problem, such as an engineering analysis or design problem, in GP format. In the best case, this formulation is exact; when this is not possible, we settle for an approximate formulation. Geometric Semantic Genetic Programming(GSGP) In iterative supervised learning algorithms it is common to reach a point in the search where no further induction seems to be possible with the available data. If the search is continued beyond this point, the risk of overfitting increases significantly. Following the recent developments in inductive semantic stochastic methods, this paper studies the feasibility of using information gathered from the semantic neighborhood to decide when to stop the search. Two semantic stopping criteria are proposed and experimentally assessed in Geometric Semantic Genetic Programming (GSGP) and in the Semantic Learning Machine (SLM) algorithm (the equivalent algorithm for neural networks). The experiments are performed on real-world high-dimensional regression datasets. The results show that the proposed semantic stopping criteria are able to detect stopping points that result in a competitive generalization for both GSGP and SLM. This approach also yields computationally efficient algorithms as it allows the evolution of neural networks in less than 3 seconds on average, and of GP trees in at most 10 seconds. The usage of the proposed semantic stopping criteria in conjunction with the computation of optimal mutation/learning steps also results in small trees and neural networks. Gephi Gephi is an interactive visualization and exploration platform for all kinds of networks and complex systems, dynamic and hierarchical graphs. Runs on Windows, Linux and Mac OS X. Gephi is open-source and free. GGQ-ID3 Usually, decision tree induction algorithms are limited to work with non relational data. Given a record, they do not take into account other objects attributes even though they can provide valuable information for the learning task. In this paper we present GGQ-ID3, a multi-relational decision tree learning algorithm that uses Generalized Graph Queries (GGQ) as predicates in the decision nodes. GGQs allow to express complex patterns (including cycles) and they can be refined step-by-step. Also, they can evaluate structures (not only single records) and perform Regular Pattern Matching. GGQ are built dynamically (pattern mining) during the GGQ-ID3 tree construction process. We will show how to use GGQ-ID3 to perform multi-relational machine learning keeping complexity under control. Finally, some real examples of automatically obtained classification trees and semantic patterns are shown. —– Normalmente, los algoritmos de inducci\’on de \’arboles de decisi\’on trabajan con datos no relacionales. Dado un registro, no tienen en cuenta los atributos de otros objetos a pesar de que \’estos pueden proporcionar informaci\’on \’util para la tarea de aprendizaje. En este art\’iculo presentamos GGQ-ID3, un algoritmo de aprendizaje de \’arboles de decisiones multi-relacional que utiliza Generalized Graph Queries (GGQ) como predicados en los nodos de decisi\’on. Los GGQs permiten expresar patrones complejos (incluyendo ciclos) y pueden ser refinados paso a paso. Adem\’as, pueden evaluar estructuras (no solo registros) y llevar a cabo Regular Pattern Matching. En GGQ-ID3, los GGQ son construidos din\’amicamente (pattern mining) durante el proceso de construcci\’on del \’arbol. Adem\’as, se muestran algunos ejemplos reales de \’arboles de clasificaci\’on multi-relacionales y patrones sem\’anticos obtenidos autom\’aticamente. Gibbs Sampling In statistics and in statistical physics, Gibbs sampling or a Gibbs sampler is a Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithm for obtaining a sequence of observations which are approximated from a specified multivariate probability distribution (i.e. from the joint probability distribution of two or more random variables), when direct sampling is difficult. This sequence can be used to approximate the joint distribution (e.g., to generate a histogram of the distribution); to approximate the marginal distribution of one of the variables, or some subset of the variables (for example, the unknown parameters or latent variables); or to compute an integral (such as the expected value of one of the variables). Typically, some of the variables correspond to observations whose values are known, and hence do not need to be sampled. Gini Impurity Used by the CART (classification and regression tree) algorithm, Gini impurity is a measure of how often a randomly chosen element from the set would be incorrectly labeled if it were randomly labeled according to the distribution of labels in the subset. Gini impurity can be computed by summing the probability of each item being chosen times the probability of a mistake in categorizing that item. It reaches its minimum (zero) when all cases in the node fall into a single target category. Girvan-Newman Algorithm The Girvan-Newman algorithm detects communities by progressively removing edges from the original network. The connected components of the remaining network are the communities. Instead of trying to construct a measure that tells us which edges are the most central to communities, the Girvan-Newman algorithm focuses on edges that are most likely “between” communities. GitHub Gist Tom Preston-Werner presented the new Gist feature at a punk rock Ruby conference in 2008. Gist builds upon that idea by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and SSL encryption for private pastes. Because each “gist” is its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single paste and they can be pushed and pulled using Git. Further, forked code can be pushed back to the original author in the form of a patch, so pastes can become more like mini-projects. The main benefit of forking is that it allows you to freely experiment with changes without affecting the original project. Gist is a simple way to share snippets and pastes with others. All gists are Git repositories, so they are automatically versioned, forkable and usable from Git. gistr GitHub Hosted R Repository(ghrr) This ghrr (for ‘GitHub Hosted R Repository’) uses drat for both insertion of packages, and usage from R. http://…/#introducing_ghrr drat GitXiv arXiv + Github + Links + Discussion: GitXiv is a space to share links to open computer science projects. Countless Github and arXiv links are floating around the web. Its hard to keep track of these gems. GitXiv attempts to solve this problem by offering a collaboratively curated feed of projects. Each project is conveniently presented as arXiv + Github + Links + Discussion. Members can submit their findings and let the community rank and discuss it. A regular newsletter makes it easy to stay up-to-date on recent advancements. It´s free and open. G-Learning Model-free reinforcement learning algorithms such as Q-learning perform poorly in the early stages of learning in noisy environments, because much effort is spent on unlearning biased estimates of the state-action function. The bias comes from selecting, among several noisy estimates, the apparent optimum, which may actually be suboptimal. We propose G-learning, a new off-policy learning algorithm that regularizes the noise in the space of optimal actions by penalizing deterministic policies at the beginning of the learning. Moreover, it enables naturally incorporating prior distributions over optimal actions when available. The stochastic nature of G-learning also makes it more cost-effective than Q-learning in noiseless but exploration-risky domains. We illustrate these ideas in several examples where G-learning results in significant improvements of the learning rate and the learning cost. Global Interpreter Lock(GIL) In CPython, the global interpreter lock, or GIL, is a mutex that prevents multiple native threads from executing Python bytecodes at once. This lock is necessary mainly because CPython’s memory management is not thread-safe. (However, since the GIL exists, other features have grown to depend on the guarantees that it enforces.) CPython extensions must be GIL-aware in order to avoid defeating threads. For an explanation, see Global interpreter lock. The GIL is controversial because it prevents multithreaded CPython programs from taking full advantage of multiprocessor systems in certain situations. Note that potentially blocking or long-running operations, such as I/O, image processing, and NumPy number crunching, happen outside the GIL. Therefore it is only in multithreaded programs that spend a lot of time inside the GIL, interpreting CPython bytecode, that the GIL becomes a bottleneck. However the GIL degrades performance even when it is not a bottleneck. Summarizing those slides: The system call overhead is significant, especially on multicore hardware. Two threads calling a function may take twice as much time as a single thread calling the function twice. The GIL can cause I/O-bound threads to be scheduled ahead of CPU-bound threads. And it prevents signals from being delivered. Global Sensitivity Analysis(GSA) This presentation aims to introduce global sensitivity analysis (SA), targeting an audience unfamiliar with the topic, and to give practical hints about the associated advantages and the effort needed. To this effect, we shall review some techniques for sensitivity analysis, including those that are not global, by applying them to a simple example. This will give the audience a chance to contrast each method’s result against the audience’s own expectation of what the sensitivity pattern for the simple model should be. We shall also try to relate the discourse on the relative importance of model input factors to specific questions, such as ‘Which of the uncertain input factor(s) is so non-influential that we can safely fix it/them?’ or ‘If we could eliminate the uncertainty in one of the input factors, which factor should we choose to reduce the most the variance of the output?’ In this way, the selection of the method for sensitivity analysis will be put in relation to the framing of the analysis and to the interpretation and presentation of the results. The choice of the output of interest will be discussed in relation to the purpose of the model based analysis. The main methods that we present in this lecture are all related with one another, and are the method of Morris for factors’ screening and the variance-based measures. All are model-free, in the sense that their application does not rely on special assumptions on the behaviour of the model (such as linearity, monotonicity and additivity of the relationship between input factor and model output). Monte Carlo filtering will be also be discussed to demonstrate the usefulness of global sensitivity analysis in relation to estimation. Global sensitivity analysis: An introduction (PDF Download Available) Global sensitivity analysis for statistical model parameters Global Vectors for Word Representation(GloVe) Recent methods for learning vector space representations of words have succeeded in capturing fine-grained semantic and syntactic regularities using vector arithmetic, but the origin of these regularities has remained opaque. We analyze and make explicit the model properties needed for such regularities to emerge in word vectors. The result is a new global logbilinear regression model that combines the advantages of the two major model families in the literature: global matrix factorization and local context window methods. Our model efficiently leverages statistical information by training only on the nonzero elements in a word-word cooccurrence matrix, rather than on the entire sparse matrix or on individual context windows in a large corpus. The model produces a vector space with meaningful substructure, as evidenced by its performance of 75% on a recent word analogy task. It also outperforms related models on similarity tasks and named entity recognition. Glue Code The term glue code is sometimes used to describe implementations of the adapter pattern. It does not serve any use in calculation or computation. Rather it serves as a proxy between otherwise incompatible parts of software, to make them compatible. The standard practice is to keep logic out of the glue code and leave that to the code blocks it connects to. Gnu Regression Econometrics and Time-Series Library(gretl) Is a cross-platform software package for econometric analysis, written in the C programming language. It is free, open-source software. You may redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL) as published by the Free Software Foundation. GNU Scientific Library(GSL) The GNU Scientific Library (GSL) is a numerical library for C and C++ programmers. It is free software under the GNU General Public License. The library provides a wide range of mathematical routines such as random number generators, special functions and least-squares fitting. There are over 1000 functions in total with an extensive test suite. RcppGSL Google Brain Project Google Brain is an unofficial name for a deep learning research project at Google. Google Prediction API Google’s cloud-based machine learning tools. Google’s machine learning algorithms to analyze data and predict future outcomes using a familiar RESTful interface. Goulden-Jackson Cluster Method Finding the generating function for the number of words avoiding, as factors, the members of a prescribed set of ‘dirty words’. Gower’s Distance Idea: Use distance measure between 0 and 1 for each variable and aggregate. gower GPU Open Analytics Initiative(GOAI) Recently, Continuum Analytics, H2O.ai, and MapD announced the formation of the GPU Open Analytics Initiative (GOAI). GOAI—also joined by BlazingDB, Graphistry and the Gunrock project from the University of California, Davis—aims to create open frameworks that allow developers and data scientists to build applications using standard data formats and APIs on GPUs. Bringing standard analytics data formats to GPUs will allow data analytics to be even more efficient, and to take advantage of the high throughput of GPUs. NVIDIA believes this initiative is a key contributor to the continued growth of GPU computing in accelerated analytics. Gradient Boosted Regression Trees(GBRT) Gradient Boosting(GBDT,MART,TreeNet,BTE) Gradient boosting is a machine learning technique for regression problems, which produces a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, typically decision trees. It builds the model in a stage-wise fashion like other boosting methods do, and it generalizes them by allowing optimization of an arbitrary differentiable loss function. The gradient boosting method can also be used for classification problems by reducing them to regression with a suitable loss function. Gradient Boosting Machine Gradient boosting machines are a family of powerful machine-learning techniques that have shown considerable success in a wide range of practical applications. They are highly customizable to the particular needs of the application, like being learned with respect to different loss functions. This article gives a tutorial introduction into the methodology of gradient boosting methods with a strong focus on machine learning aspects of modeling. A theoretical information is complemented with descriptive examples and illustrations which cover all the stages of the gradient boosting model design. Considerations on handling the model complexity are discussed. Three practical examples of gradient boosting applications are presented and comprehensively analyzed. gbm Gradient Projection Classical Sketch(GPCS) Gradient Projection Iterative Sketch(GPIS) We propose a randomized first order optimization algorithm Gradient Projection Iterative Sketch (GPIS) and an accelerated variant for efficiently solving large scale constrained Least Squares (LS). We provide theoretical convergence analysis for both proposed algorithms and demonstrate our methods’ computational efficiency compared to classical accelerated gradient method, and the state of the art variance-reduced stochastic gradient methods through numerical experiments in various large synthetic/real data sets. Graduated Symbol Map A map with symbols that change in size according to the value of the attribute they represent. For example, denser populations might be represented by larger dots, or larger rivers by thicker lines. Granger Causality The Granger causality test is a statistical hypothesis test for determining whether one time series is useful in forecasting another, first proposed in 1969. Ordinarily, regressions reflect ‘mere’ correlations, but Clive Granger argued that causality in economics could be reflected by measuring the ability of predicting the future values of a time series using past values of another time series. Since the question of ‘true causality’ is deeply philosophical, econometricians assert that the Granger test finds only ‘predictive causality’. A time series X is said to Granger-cause Y if it can be shown, usually through a series of t-tests and F-tests on lagged values of X (and with lagged values of Y also included), that those X values provide statistically significant information about future values of Y. Granger also stressed that some studies using ‘Granger causality’ testing in areas outside economics reached ‘ridiculous’ conclusions. ‘Of course, many ridiculous papers appeared’, he said in his Nobel Lecture, December 8, 2003. However, it remains a popular method for causality analysis in time series due to its computational simplicity. The original definition of Granger causality does not account for latent confounding effects and does not capture instantaneous and non-linear causal relationships, though several extensions have been proposed to address these issues. https://…/granger-causality-test Cointegration & Granger Causality Granger Causality Network We present a new framework for learning Granger causality networks for multivariate categorical time series, based on the mixture transition distribution (MTD) model. Traditionally, MTD is plagued by a nonconvex objective, non-identifiability, and presence of many local optima. To circumvent these problems, we recast inference in the MTD as a convex problem. The new formulation facilitates the application of MTD to high-dimensional multivariate time series. As a baseline, we also formulate a multi-output logistic autoregressive model (mLTD), which while a straightforward extension of autoregressive Bernoulli generalized linear models, has not been previously applied to the analysis of multivariate categorial time series. We develop novel identifiability conditions of the MTD model and compare them to those for mLTD. We further devise novel and efficient optimization algorithm for the MTD based on the new convex formulation, and compare the MTD and mLTD in both simulated and real data experiments. Our approach simultaneously provides a comparison of methods for network inference in categorical time series and opens the door to modern, regularized inference with the MTD model. Graph Branch Distance(GBD) Graph similarity search is a common and fundamental operation in graph databases. One of the most popular graph similarity measures is the Graph Edit Distance (GED) mainly because of its broad applicability and high interpretability. Despite its prevalence, exact GED computation is proved to be NP-hard, which could result in unsatisfactory computational efficiency on large graphs. However, exactly accurate search results are usually unnecessary for real-world applications especially when the responsiveness is far more important than the accuracy. Thus, in this paper, we propose a novel probabilistic approach to efficiently estimate GED, which is further leveraged for the graph similarity search. Specifically, we first take branches as elementary structures in graphs, and introduce a novel graph similarity measure by comparing branches between graphs, i.e., Graph Branch Distance (GBD), which can be efficiently calculated in polynomial time. Then, we formulate the relationship between GED and GBD by considering branch variations as the result ascribed to graph edit operations, and model this process by probabilistic approaches. By applying our model, the GED between any two graphs can be efficiently estimated by their GBD, and these estimations are finally utilized in the graph similarity search. Extensive experiments show that our approach has better accuracy, efficiency and scalability than other comparable methods in the graph similarity search over real and synthetic data sets. Graph Convolutional Networks Many important real-world datasets come in the form of graphs or networks: social networks, knowledge graphs, protein-interaction networks, the World Wide Web, etc. (just to name a few). Yet, until recently, very little attention has been devoted to the generalization of neural network models to such structured datasets. In the last couple of years, a number of papers re-visited this problem of generalizing neural networks to work on arbitrarily structured graphs (Bruna et al., ICLR 2014; Henaff et al., 2015; Duvenaud et al., NIPS 2015; Li et al., ICLR 2016; Defferrard et al., NIPS 2016; Kipf & Welling, ICLR 2017), some of them now achieving very promising results in domains that have previously been dominated by, e.g., kernel-based methods, graph-based regularization techniques and others. Graph Cube In a paper from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign this time in collaboration with Microsoft and Google, a novel data warehousing model called Graph Cube is introduced. Based on a restricted graph model (e.g., no attributes on edges) introduced as multidimensional network (with the dimensions being the vertex attributes), they define the notion of an aggregate network (called cuboid). A graph cube constitutes then the set of all possible aggregations of the original network. Graph Database In computing, a graph database is a database that uses graph structures with nodes, edges, and properties to represent and store data. A graph database is any storage system that provides index-free adjacency. This means that every element contains a direct pointer to its adjacent elements and no index lookups are necessary. General graph databases that can store any graph are distinct from specialized graph databases such as triplestores and network databases. Graph Function Library A graph abstraction layer with an objectoriented programming interface has been introduced, which enables the implementation of custom graph algorithms for example within a stored procedure. A set of parameterizable implementations of frequently-used algorithms will be provided in the form of a Graph Function Library for application developers to choose from. Graph Information Criterion(GIC) statGraph Graph Information Ratio We introduce the notion of information ratio $\text{Ir}(H/G)$ between two (simple, undirected) graphs $G$ and $H$, defined as the supremum of ratios $k/n$ such that there exists a mapping between the strong products $G^k$ to $H^n$ that preserves non-adjacency. Operationally speaking, the information ratio is the maximal number of source symbols per channel use that can be reliably sent over a channel with a confusion graph $H$, where reliability is measured w.r.t. a source confusion graph $G$. Various results are provided, including in particular lower and upper bounds on $\text{Ir}(H/G)$ in terms of different graph properties, inequalities and identities for behavior under strong product and disjoint union, relations to graph cores, and notions of graph criticality. Informally speaking, $\text{Ir}(H/G)$ can be interpreted as a measure of similarity between $G$ and $H$. We make this notion precise by introducing the concept of information equivalence between graphs, a more quantitative version of homomorphic equivalence. We then describe a natural partial ordering over the space of information equivalence classes, and endow it with a suitable metric structure that is contractive under the strong product. Various examples and open problems are discussed. Graph Neural Network(GNN) Many underlying relationships among data in several areas of science and engineering, e.g., computer vision, molecular chemistry, molecular biology, pattern recognition, and data mining, can be represented in terms of graphs. In this paper, we propose a new neural network model, called graph neural network (GNN) model, that extends existing neural network methods for processing the data represented in graph domains. This GNN model, which can directly process most of the practically useful types of graphs, e.g., acyclic, cyclic, directed, and undirected, implements a function tau(G,n) isin IRm that maps a graph G and one of its nodes n into an m-dimensional Euclidean space. A supervised learning algorithm is derived to estimate the parameters of the proposed GNN model. The computational cost of the proposed algorithm is also considered. Some experimental results are shown to validate the proposed learning algorithm, and to demonstrate its generalization capabilities. Graph Processing Framework for Large Dynamic Graphs(BLADYG) Recently, distributed processing of large dynamic graphs has become very popular, especially in certain domains such as social network analysis, Web graph analysis and spatial network analysis. In this context, many distributed/parallel graph processing systems have been proposed, such as Pregel, GraphLab, and Trinity. These systems can be divided into two categories: (1) vertex-centric and (2) block-centric approaches. In vertex-centric approaches, each vertex corresponds to a process, and message are exchanged among vertices. In block-centric approaches, the unit of computation is a block, a connected subgraph of the graph, and message exchanges occur among blocks. In this paper, we are considering the issues of scale and dynamism in the case of block-centric approaches. We present bladyg, a block-centric framework that addresses the issue of dynamism in large-scale graphs. We present an implementation of BLADYG on top of akka framework. We experimentally evaluate the performance of the proposed framework. Graph sketching-based Massive Data Clustering(DBMSTClu) In this paper, we address the problem of recovering arbitrary-shaped data clusters from massive datasets. We present DBMSTClu a new density-based non-parametric method working on a limited number of linear measurements i.e. a sketched version of the similarity graph $G$ between the $N$ objects to cluster. Unlike $k$-means, $k$-medians or $k$-medoids algorithms, it does not fail at distinguishing clusters with particular structures. No input parameter is needed contrarily to DBSCAN or the Spectral Clustering method. DBMSTClu as a graph-based technique relies on the similarity graph $G$ which costs theoretically $O(N^2)$ in memory. However, our algorithm follows the dynamic semi-streaming model by handling $G$ as a stream of edge weight updates and sketches it in one pass over the data into a compact structure requiring $O(\operatorname{poly} \operatorname{log} (N))$ space. Thanks to the property of the Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) for expressing the underlying structure of a graph, our algorithm successfully detects the right number of non-convex clusters by recovering an approximate MST from the graph sketch of $G$. We provide theoretical guarantees on the quality of the clustering partition and also demonstrate its advantage over the existing state-of-the-art on several datasets. graph2vec Recent works on representation learning for graph structured data predominantly focus on learning distributed representations of graph substructures such as nodes and subgraphs. However, many graph analytics tasks such as graph classification and clustering require representing entire graphs as fixed length feature vectors. While the aforementioned approaches are naturally unequipped to learn such representations, graph kernels remain as the most effective way of obtaining them. However, these graph kernels use handcrafted features (e.g., shortest paths, graphlets, etc.) and hence are hampered by problems such as poor generalization. To address this limitation, in this work, we propose a neural embedding framework named graph2vec to learn data-driven distributed representations of arbitrary sized graphs. graph2vec’s embeddings are learnt in an unsupervised manner and are task agnostic. Hence, they could be used for any downstream task such as graph classification, clustering and even seeding supervised representation learning approaches. Our experiments on several benchmark and large real-world datasets show that graph2vec achieves significant improvements in classification and clustering accuracies over substructure representation learning approaches and are competitive with state-of-the-art graph kernels. Graph-based Activity Regularization(GAR) In this paper, we propose a novel graph-based approach for semi-supervised learning problems, which considers an adaptive adjacency of the examples throughout the unsupervised portion of the training. Adjacency of the examples is inferred using the predictions of a neural network model which is first initialized by a supervised pretraining. These predictions are then updated according to a novel unsupervised objective which regularizes another adjacency, now linking the output nodes. Regularizing the adjacency of the output nodes, inferred from the predictions of the network, creates an easier optimization problem and ultimately provides that the predictions of the network turn into the optimal embedding. Ultimately, the proposed framework provides an effective and scalable graph-based solution which is natural to the operational mechanism of deep neural networks. Our results show state-of-the-art performance within semi-supervised learning with the highest accuracies reported to date in the literature for SVHN and NORB datasets. GraphBLAS An effort to define standard building blocks for Graph Algorithms in the language of Linear Algebra. GraphConnect Deep neural networks have proved very successful in domains where large training sets are available, but when the number of training samples is small, their performance suffers from overfitting. Prior methods of reducing overfitting such as weight decay, Dropout and DropConnect are data-independent. This paper proposes a new method, GraphConnect, that is data-dependent, and is motivated by the observation that data of interest lie close to a manifold. The new method encourages the relationships between the learned decisions to resemble a graph representing the manifold structure. Essentially GraphConnect is designed to learn attributes that are present in data samples in contrast to weight decay, Dropout and DropConnect which are simply designed to make it more difficult to fit to random error or noise. Empirical Rademacher complexity is used to connect the generalization error of the neural network to spectral properties of the graph learned from the input data. This framework is used to show that GraphConnect is superior to weight decay. Experimental results on several benchmark datasets validate the theoretical analysis, and show that when the number of training samples is small, GraphConnect is able to significantly improve performance over weight decay. GraphH It is common for real-world applications to analyze big graphs using distributed graph processing systems. Popular in-memory systems require an enormous amount of resources to handle big graphs. While several out-of-core systems have been proposed recently for processing big graphs using secondary storage, the high disk I/O overhead could significantly reduce performance. In this paper, we propose GraphH to enable high- performance big graph analytics in small clusters. Specifically, we design a two-stage graph partition scheme to evenly divide the input graph into partitions, and propose a GAB (Gather-Apply- Broadcast) computation model to make each worker process a partition in memory at a time. We use an edge cache mechanism to reduce the disk I/O overhead, and design a hybrid strategy to improve the communication performance. GraphH can efficiently process big graphs in small clusters or even a single commodity server. Extensive evaluations have shown that GraphH could be up to 7.8x faster compared to popular in-memory systems, such as Pregel+ and PowerGraph when processing generic graphs, and more than 100x faster than recently proposed out-of-core systems, such as GraphD and Chaos when processing big graphs. Graphical Causal Models A species of the broader genus of graphical models, especially intended to help with problems of causal inference. Graphical Markov Models(GMM) A central aspect of statistical science is the assessment of dependence among stochastic variables. The familiar concepts of correlation, regression, and prediction are special cases, and identification of causal relationships ultimately rests on representations of multivariate dependence. Graphical Markov models (GMM) use graphs, either undirected, directed, or mixed, to represent multivariate dependences in a visual and computationally efficient manner. A GMM is usually constructed by specifying local dependences for each variable, equivalently, node of the graph in terms of its immediate neighbors and/or parents by means of undirected and/or directed edges. This simple local specification can represent a highly varied and complex system of multivariate dependences by means of the global structure of the graph, thereby obtaining efficiency in modeling, inference, and probabilistic calculations. For a fixed graph, equivalently model, the classical methods of statistical inference may be utilized. In many applied domains, however, such as expert systems for medical diagnosis or weather forecasting, or the analysis of gene-expression data, the graph is unknown and is itself the first goal of the analysis. This poses numerous challenges, including the following: • The numbers of possible graphs and models grow superexponentially in the number of variables. • Distinct graphs G may be Markov equivalent = statistically indistinguishable. • Conversely, the same graph may possess different Markov interpretations. ggm Graphical Model A graphical model is a probabilistic model for which a graph denotes the conditional dependence structure between random variables. They are commonly used in probability theory, statistics – particularly Bayesian statistics – and machine learning. Generally, probabilistic graphical models use a graph-based representation as the foundation for encoding a complete distribution over a multi-dimensional space and a graph that is a compact or factorized representation of a set of independences that hold in the specific distribution. Two branches of graphical representations of distributions are commonly used, namely, Bayesian networks and Markov networks. Both families encompass the properties of factorization and independences, but they differ in the set of independences they can encode and the factorization of the distribution that they induce. GraphSAGE Low-dimensional embeddings of nodes in large graphs have proved extremely useful in a variety of prediction tasks, from content recommendation to identifying protein functions. However, most existing approaches require that all nodes in the graph are present during training of the embeddings; these previous approaches are inherently transductive and do not naturally generalize to unseen nodes. Here we present GraphSAGE, a general, inductive framework that leverages node feature information (e.g., text attributes) to efficiently generate node embeddings for previously unseen data. Instead of training individual embeddings for each node, we learn a function that generates embeddings by sampling and aggregating features from a node’s local neighborhood. Our algorithm outperforms strong baselines on three inductive node-classification benchmarks: we classify the category of unseen nodes in evolving information graphs based on citation and Reddit post data, and we show that our algorithm generalizes to completely unseen graphs using a multi-graph dataset of protein-protein interactions. Graphviz Graphviz (short for Graph Visualization Software) is a package of open-source tools initiated by AT&T Labs Research for drawing graphs specified in DOT language scripts. It also provides libraries for software applications to use the tools. Graphviz is free software licensed under the Eclipse Public License. https://…/viz.js GraphX GraphX is Apache Spark’s API for graphs and graph-parallel computation. Gravitational Clustering The downfall of many supervised learning algorithms, such as neural networks, is the inherent need for a large amount of training data. Although there is a lot of buzz about big data, there is still the problem of doing classification from a small dataset. Other methods such as support vector machines, although capable of dealing with few samples, are inherently binary classifiers, and are in need of learning strategies such as One vs All in the case of multi-classification. In the presence of a large number of classes this can become problematic. In this paper we present, a novel approach to supervised learning through the method of clustering. Unlike traditional methods such as K-Means, Gravitational Clustering does not require the initial number of clusters, and automatically builds the clusters, individual samples can be arbitrarily weighted and it requires only few samples while staying resilient to over-fitting. Greedy Algorithm A greedy algorithm is an algorithm that follows the problem solving heuristic of making the locally optimal choice at each stage with the hope of finding a global optimum. In many problems, a greedy strategy does not in general produce an optimal solution, but nonetheless a greedy heuristic may yield locally optimal solutions that approximate a global optimal solution in a reasonable time. For example, a greedy strategy for the traveling salesman problem (which is of a high computational complexity) is the following heuristic: ‘At each stage visit an unvisited city nearest to the current city’. This heuristic need not find a best solution, but terminates in a reasonable number of steps; finding an optimal solution typically requires unreasonably many steps. In mathematical optimization, greedy algorithms solve combinatorial problems having the properties of s. Greedy Randomized Adaptive Search Procedures(GRASP) The greedy randomized adaptive search procedure (also known as GRASP) is a metaheuristic algorithm commonly applied to combinatorial optimization problems. GRASP typically consists of iterations made up from successive constructions of a greedy randomized solution and subsequent iterative improvements of it through a local search. The greedy randomized solutions are generated by adding elements to the problem’s solution set from a list of elements ranked by a greedy function according to the quality of the solution they will achieve. To obtain variability in the candidate set of greedy solutions, well-ranked candidate elements are often placed in a restricted candidate list (also known as RCL), and chosen at random when building up the solution. This kind of greedy randomized construction method is also known as a semi-greedy heuristic, first described in Hart and Shogan (1987). GRASP was first introduced in Feo and Resende (1989). Survey papers on GRASP include Feo and Resende (1995), Pitsoulis and Resende (2002), and Resende and Ribeiro (2003). An annotated bibliography of GRASP can be found in Festa, G. C Resende (2002). Greenplum Database(GPDB) The Greenplum Database (GPDB) is an advanced, fully featured, open source data warehouse. It provides powerful and rapid analytics on petabyte scale data volumes. Uniquely geared toward big data analytics, Greenplum Database is powered by the world’s most advanced cost-based query optimizer delivering high analytical query performance on large data volumes. The Greenplum project is released under the Apache 2 license. We want to thank all our current community contributors and are really interested in all new potential contributions. For the Greenplum Database community no contribution is too small, we encourage all types of contributions. Grid Search The de facto standard way of performing hyperparameter optimization is grid search, which is simply an exhaustive searching through a manually specified subset of the hyperparameter space of a learning algorithm. A grid search algorithm must be guided by some performance metric, typically measured by cross-validation on the training set or evaluation on a held-out validation set. Since the parameter space of a machine learner may include real-valued or unbounded value spaces for certain parameters, manually set bounds and discretization may be necessary before applying grid search. GridNet This paper presents GridNet, a new Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) architecture for semantic image segmentation (full scene labelling). Classical neural networks are implemented as one stream from the input to the output with subsampling operators applied in the stream in order to reduce the feature maps size and to increase the receptive field for the final prediction. However, for semantic image segmentation, where the task consists in providing a semantic class to each pixel of an image, feature maps reduction is harmful because it leads to a resolution loss in the output prediction. To tackle this problem, our GridNet follows a grid pattern allowing multiple interconnected streams to work at different resolutions. We show that our network generalizes many well known networks such as conv-deconv, residual or U-Net networks. GridNet is trained from scratch and achieves competitive results on the Cityscapes dataset. Gridster.js Gridster is a jQuery plugin that allows building intuitive draggable layouts from elements spanning multiple columns. You can even dynamically add and remove elements from the grid. It is on par with sliced bread, or possibly better. MIT licensed. Drag and Drop Visuals in your Interactive Dashboard Grounded Recurrent Neural Network(GRNN) In this work, we present the Grounded Recurrent Neural Network (GRNN), a recurrent neural network architecture for multi-label prediction which explicitly ties labels to specific dimensions of the recurrent hidden state (we call this process ‘grounding’). The approach is particularly well-suited for extracting large numbers of concepts from text. We apply the new model to address an important problem in healthcare of understanding what medical concepts are discussed in clinical text. Using a publicly available dataset derived from Intensive Care Units, we learn to label a patient’s diagnoses and procedures from their discharge summary. Our evaluation shows a clear advantage to using our proposed architecture over a variety of strong baselines. Group Fused Multinomial Regression gfmR Group Method of Data Handling(GMDH) Group method of data handling (GMDH) is a family of inductive algorithms for computer-based mathematical modeling of multi-parametric datasets that features fully automatic structural and parametric optimization of models. GMDH is used in such fields as data mining, knowledge discovery, prediction, complex systems modeling, optimization and pattern recognition. GMDH algorithms are characterized by inductive procedure that performs sorting-out of gradually complicated polynomial models and selecting the best solution by means of the so-called external criterion. GMDH Grouped Merging Net(GM-Net) Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are capable of learning unprecedentedly effective features from images. Some researchers have struggled to enhance the parameters’ efficiency using grouped convolution. However, the relation between the optimal number of convolutional groups and the recognition performance remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a series of Basic Units (BUs) and a two-level merging strategy to construct deep CNNs, referred to as a joint Grouped Merging Net (GM-Net), which can produce joint grouped and reused deep features while maintaining the feature discriminability for classification tasks. Our GM-Net architectures with the proposed BU_A (dense connection) and BU_B (straight mapping) lead to significant reduction in the number of network parameters and obtain performance improvement in image classification tasks. Extensive experiments are conducted to validate the superior performance of the GM-Net than the state-of-the-arts on the benchmark datasets, e.g., MNIST, CIFAR-10, CIFAR-100 and SVHN. GroupRemMap Penalty Expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) are genomic loci that regulate expression levels of mRNAs or proteins. Understanding these regulatory provides important clues to biological pathways that underlie diseases. In this paper, we propose a new statistical method, GroupRemMap, for identifying eQTLs. We model the relationship between gene expression and single nucleotide variants (SNVs) through multivariate linear regression models, in which gene expression levels are responses and SNV genotypes are predictors. To handle the high-dimensionality as well as to incorporate the intrinsic group structure of SNVs, we introduce a new regularization scheme to (1) control the overall sparsity of the model; (2) encourage the group selection of SNVs from the same gene; and (3) facilitate the detection of trans-hub-eQTLs. We apply the proposed method to the colorectal and breast cancer data sets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and identify several biologically interesting eQTLs. These ndings may provide insight into biological processes associated with cancers and generate hypotheses for future studies. groupRemMap Growth Curve Analysis(GCA) Growth curve analysis (GCA) is a multilevel regression technique designed for analysis of time course or longitudinal data. A major advantage of this approach is that it can be used to simultaneously analyze both group-level effects (e.g., experimental manipulations) and individual-level effects (i.e., individual differences). Growth Hacking Growth hacking is a marketing technique developed by technology startups which uses creativity, analytical thinking, and social metrics to sell products and gain exposure. It can be seen as part of the online marketing ecosystem, as in many cases growth hackers are simply good at using techniques such as search engine optimization, website analytics, content marketing and A/B testing which are already mainstream. Growth hackers focus on low-cost and innovative alternatives to traditional marketing, e.g. utilizing social media and viral marketing instead of buying advertising through more traditional media such as radio, newspaper, and television. Growth hacking is particularly important for startups, as it allows for a ‘lean’ launch that focuses on ‘growth first, budgets second.’ Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, AirBnB and Dropbox are all companies that use growth hacking techniques. Grubbs Test Grubbs’ test (named after Frank E. Grubbs, who published the test in 1950), also known as the maximum normed residual test or extreme studentized deviate test, is a statistical test used to detect outliers in a univariate data set assumed to come from a normally distributed population. outliers